EXERCISE INCREASES COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN

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EXERCISE IMPROVES COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN

Researchers investigate the effects of brief periods of light-intensity exercise on increasing cerebral blood flow in children.

    

Cognitive or intellectual functions encompass thinking, understanding, memory, language, computation, and judgment and are performed in the cerebrum. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, handles these functions. Studies have shown that exercise improves cognitive function through mechanisms such as enhanced cerebral blood flow, brain structural changes, and neurogenesis promotion. However, 81% of children globally do not engage in enough physical activity, leading to high levels of sedentary behavior and insufficient exercise. This lack of physical activity raises concerns about its negative impact on children's healthy brain development and cognitive function.

A recent study published in Scientific Reports by doctoral student Takashi Naito from the Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, along with Professors Kaori Ishii and Koichiro Oka from the Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, offers insights into potential solutions. The study investigated the effects of short-duration and light-intensity exercise on increasing cerebral blood flow in children. "Our goal is to develop a light-intensity exercise program that is accessible to everyone, aiming to enhance brain function and reduce children's sedentary behavior. We hope to promote and implement this program in schools through collaborative efforts," says Naito.

To enhance cognitive performance, it is essential to develop exercise programs that increase cerebral blood flow. While previous studies have established the benefits of moderate-to-vigorous exercise on cognitive functions, changes in cerebral blood flow during light-intensity exercise, particularly in children, are yet to be investigated. To address this gap, the team conducted an experimental study to examine the effects of short-term, light-intensity exercises on prefrontal cortex (PFC) hemodynamics. They focused on exercises that can be easily performed on the spot without special equipment, such as stretching. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), an imaging technique that measures changes in cerebral blood flow through oxy-Hb concentrations, was used for this purpose.

The study enrolled 41 healthy children from fifth-grade elementary to third-year junior high school students. The children were taught seven different types of low-intensity exercises along with associated safety measures. These exercises included Upward Stretch, Shoulder Stretch, Elbow Circles, Trunk Twist, Washing Hands, Thumb and Pinky, and Single-leg Balance. The exercises were performed while seated except for Single-leg Balance, with movement patterns lasting for 10 and 20 seconds. Researchers recorded and compared oxy-Hb levels at rest and during exercise.

The study's results were auspicious, showing a significant increase in oxy-Hb levels in multiple regions of the PFC during all forms of exercise compared to the resting state. However, no substantial change in oxy-Hb levels was observed during static stretching with movement in one direction. "By combining the types of exercise that easily increase blood flow in the PFC identified in this study, it is possible to develop an exercise program that everyone can easily engage in to improve children's executive functions. It may also prevent cognitive decline in adults and the elderly," explains Naito optimistically.

In conclusion, this groundbreaking study represents a significant step forward in combating sedentary lifestyles and activating brain functions in children, thereby supporting their physical and mental growth. Although this study demonstrated that even short-duration, low-intensity exercise can increase cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex, future research must confirm whether such exercises improve cognitive function.




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