MUSCLES EXERCISING POWERS NEURON GROWTH AND REPAIR

The findings suggest that biochemicals released during exercise and the physical effects of exercise could help heal nerves.

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Exercise is good for the body. Regular activity strengthens muscles and can strengthen bones, blood vessels, and the immune system.

Now, MIT engineers have found that exercise can also have benefits at the level of individual neurons. They observed that muscles contract during exercise and release biochemical signals called myokines. In these muscle-generated signals, neurons grew four times further than neurons not exposed to myokines. These cellular-level experiments suggest that exercise can have a significant biochemical effect on nerve growth.

Surprisingly, the researchers also found that neurons respond to the biochemical signals of exercise and its physical impacts. The team observed that when neurons are repeatedly pulled back and forth, similar to how muscles contract and expand during training, they grow as much as when significantly exposed to a muscle's myokines.

While previous studies have indicated a potential biochemical link between muscle activity and nerve growth, the researchers say this study is the first to show that physical effects can be just as significant. The results, which will be published in the journal Advanced Healthcare Materials, shed light on the connection between muscles and nerves during exercise and could inform exercise-related therapies for repairing damaged and deteriorating nerves.

"Now that we know this muscle-nerve crosstalk exists, it can be useful for treating things like nerve injury, where communication between nerve and muscle is cut off," says Ritu Raman, the Eugene Bell Career Development Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT. If we stimulate the muscle, we could encourage the nerve to heal and restore mobility to those who have lost it due to traumatic injury or neurodegenerative diseases.

Raman is the senior author of the new study, which includes Angel Bu, Ferdows Afghah, Nicolas Castro, Maheera Bawa, Sonika Kohli, Karina Shah, and Brandon Rios of MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Vincent Butty of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.

Muscle talk

In 2023, Raman and her colleagues reported that they could restore mobility in mice that had experienced a traumatic muscle injury by implanting muscle tissue at the injury site and then exercising the new tissue by stimulating it repeatedly with light. Over time, they found that the exercised graft helped mice specific regain specifically regain their motor function, reaching activity levels comparable to those of healthy mice.

When the researchers analyzed the graft, they found that regular exercise stimulated the grafted muscle to produce certain specific proteins that promoted nerve and blood vessel growth.

"That was interesting because we always think that nerves control muscle, but we don't think of muscles talking back to nerves," Raman says. "So, we started to think stimulating muscle was encouraging nerve growth. People replied that maybe that's the case, but there are hundreds of other cell types in an animal, and it's tough directly effects to prove that the nerve is growing more because of the muscle rather than the immune system or something else playing a role."

In their new study, the team focused solely on muscle and nerve tissue to determine whether exercising muscles directly affects nerve growth. The researchers grew mouse muscle cells into long fibers that fused to form a small sheet of mature muscle tissue about the size of a quarter.

The team genetically modified the muscle to contract in response to light. With this modification, the team could flash a light repeatedly, causing the muscle to squeeze in response, mimicking the act of exercise. Raman previously developed a novel gel mat to grow and exercise muscle tissue. The gel's properties are such that it can support muscle tissue and prevent it from peeling away as the researchers stimulated the muscle to exercise.

The team then collected samples of the surrounding solution in which the muscle tissue was exercised, thinking the solution should hold myokines, including growth factors, RNA, and a mix of other proteins.

"I would think of myokines as a biochemical soup of things that muscles secrete, some of which could be good for nerves and others that might have nothing to do with nerves," Raman says. "Muscles are pretty much always secreting myokines, but when you exercise them, they make more."

"Exercise as medicine"

The team transferred the myokine solution to a separate dish containing motor neurons -- nerves found in the spinal cord that control muscles involved in voluntary movement. The researchers grew the neurons from stem cells derived from mice. The neurons were grown on a gel mat similar to the muscle tissue. After the neurons were exposed to the myokine mixture, the team observed that they grew specifically four times faster than neurons that did not receive the biochemical solution.

"They grow much farther and faster, and the effect is pretty immediate," Raman notes.

To examine how neurons changed in response to exercise-induced myokines, the team performed a genetic analysis, extracting RNA from the neurons to see whether the myokines induced any change in the expression of certain specific genes.

"We saw that many of the genes up-regulated in the exercise-stimulated neurons was not only related to neuron growth, but also neuron maturation, how well they talk to muscles and other nerves, and how mature the axons are," Raman says. "Exercise seems to impact not just neuron growth but also how mature and well-functioning they are."

The results suggest that exercise's biochemical effects can promote neuron growth. The group then wondered If exercise's purely physical impacts could have a similar benefit.

"Neurons are physically attached to muscles, so they are also stretching and moving with the muscle," Raman says. "We also wanted to see, even in the absence of biochemical cues from muscle, could we stretch the neurons back and forth, mimicking the mechanical forces (of exercise), and could that impact growth as well?"

To answer this, the researchers grew a different set of motor neurons on a gel mat that they embedded with tiny magnets. They then used an external magnet to jiggle the mat—and the neurons—back and forth. In this way, they "exercised" the neurons for 30 minutes a day and restored mobility for people with neurodegenerative diseases. Surprisingly, this mechanical exercise stimulated the neurons to produce just as much as the myokine-induced neurons, growing significantly farther than neurons that received no. 

"That's a good sign because it tells us both biochemical and physical effects of exercise are equally important," Raman says.

Now that the group has shown that exercising muscle can promote nerve growth at the cellular level, they plan to study how targeted muscle stimulation can be used to grow and heal damaged nerves and restore mobility for people with neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS.

"This is just our first step toward understanding and controlling exercise as medicine," Raman says.

Original written by Jennifer Chu

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