ANXIETY: IMPROVED WITH EXERCISE

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A positive attitude towards physical activity may be related to lower anxiety about aging. Researchers who analyzed results from a multistate survey found that gender, age, marital status, and income affect perspectives on exercise and aging, but that reframing messages about both can lead to healthier behaviors.

Since 2011, approximately 10,000 people in the U.S. have turned 65 each day. The Baby Boomer generation and those born before 1946 comprise the country's fastest-growing age group, which is expected to outnumber children by 2035.

"As this large demographic ages, it's really important to support health promoting behaviors and have an approach that focuses on prevention -- not just treatment -- when it comes to chronic diseases. To do that, we need to know what their needs are and how best to address those needs," says Sarah Francis.

Francis holds several titles at Iowa State University: professor and Jane Armstrong Endowed Chair of Food Science and Human Nutrition, interim associate dean for the College of Human Sciences' Iowa State Extension and Outreach, and acting director for Human Sciences Extension and Outreach. But Francis introduces herself as a healthy aging advocate, implementation scientist, and registered dietitian.

In 2010, she joined a U.S. Department of Agriculture multistate project that brought together experts in physical activity, clinical nutrition, and community health programming to support healthy aging. Part of their research has focused on identifying factors influencing physical activity, such as "aging anxiety." Francis explains that this anxiety encompasses fears and concerns about losing autonomy and relationships, physical and psychological changes, and discomfort or a lack of enjoyment around older people.

"Previous research has shown that if you have high anxiety about aging, you have poor health outcomes. But if you view it more positively as a life stage, you have better health outcomes. You're more likely to make lifestyle changes that benefit you in the long run," says Francis.

A cross-section of experiences, perspectives

To understand how aging anxiety relates to physical activity and other factors, like age, gender, marital status, and income, the team designed a 142-question online survey and recruited participants through Qualtrics. Francis explains they wanted a cross-section of urban, suburban, and rural residents and included people as young as 40 to understand how different aspects of aging anxiety shift with age. In total, 1,250 people from Washington, D.C., and six states —Iowa, Illinois, Maryland, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and West Virginia —responded to the survey.

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Among the original findings, participants who identified as African American had a higher interest in health-related programs. The researchers followed up with another study, the results of which were published in September, to focus more closely on the responses of the 178 African-American survey participants.

With this subset, the researchers found the highest anxiety about aging was the fear of loss, which was most significant among people with low incomes and those who lived alone. Women aged 40-49 were more concerned about changes to their physical appearance than their male counterparts and participants in older age categories. While rates of physical activity were lower among African American survey respondents compared to those of white respondents, African American participants overall had a positive attitude toward physical activity, particularly when it involved strengthening their exercise habits.

"One of the most important findings is that higher positivity about physical activity relates to lower anxiety about aging," says Francis. "Perhaps this is because the physical, mental and social benefits of staying active contribute to overall well-being and a more favorable perception of the aging process, ultimately reducing anxiety related to growing older."

In the paper, the researchers cite evidence that exercise, especially strength training, helps older adults conserve bone mass and muscle, reduce the risk of dementia, and maintain motor control. They suggest that the study results "can help to develop educational workshops to control aging anxiety while discussing the health benefits of [physical activity] participation."

Francis adds that many middle-aged and older adults face barriers to exercising. Some are afraid of getting injured. Others need transportation to gyms or live in communities that lack safe sidewalks and parks. To improve access, Francis and researchers from the multistate project aim to develop and test a virtual program that would be community-based and delivered through Extension. This program would include at-home physical activities and an educational component to encourage healthy eating and the consumption of protein-rich foods.

"It's always important to listen to your audience. Doing this type of work helps ensure that the messaging will resonate with those you're trying to work with, and it's not a one-size fits all approach," says Francis.